Admitting Mistakes and Making Promises

1. Admitting Mistakes

Mistake is a misunderstanding or misconception or an error in action, calculation, opinion, or judgement caused by poor reasoning, carelessness, insufficient knowledge, etc.

When you have a mistake to someone, you need to plead your mistake, so the problem will be clear. 

Admitting Mistake is the way you to admit and ask for a sorry of your mistake.

Benefits of Admitting Mistakes:

• It demonstrates your courage.
• It demonstrates your humanity.

Asking about Possibilities, Expressing Curiosity and Desire, Expressing Views

1. Asking about Possibilities

Possibility is used when we are talking about the future, we often don't really know what will happen.

Expressing asking about possibilities:

• Would it be possible for (somebody) to …?
• Do you think it’s possible that ... ?
• What possibility is there that ... ?
• Is there any possibility that ... ?
• What's the possibility of ... ?
• What are the chances of ...?

Blaming and Accusing Someone

1. Blaming Someone

Blaming is when someone said that person did a mistake that should be her/his responsibility, like choosing wrong way.

Blaming is an expression that is used to say on somebody the responsibility for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done.

Business Letter

1. Definition

A business letter is:

• a letter written for formal or professional purposes.
• similar to a friendly letter, except for one extra part.
• should be short, courteous, and to the point.

2. Parts of a Business Letter

a. Sender's Address

The sender's address usually is included in letterhead. If you are not using letterhead, include the sender's address at the top of the letter one line above the date. Do not write the sender's name or title, as it is included in the letter's closing. Include only the street address, city, and zip code.

Complaining and Giving Instruction

1. Complaining

• To express feelings of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment.
• To make a formal accusation or bring a formal charge.

A complaint is…

Complaints are expressions of "displeasure or annoyance" in response to an action that is seen by the speaker as unfavorable.

Making a complaint:

• I do wish you could….
• Excuse me, I’m afraid… 
• I wish you wouldn’t mind…

Contrastive Conjunction and Modal Perfect

Types of conjunction

Different types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which types of links.

There are five main types of conjunction in English.

1. Conjunctions of addition and replacement

Additive conjunctions simply add more information to what is already there. Examples of additive conjunctions include:

and, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover, further, besides.

Example

The study used a small sample only and was strongly criticized for this reason. Furthermore, the initial premise of the research was

Direct-Indirect Speech

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations." Or "Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Discussion Text

1. Definition

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.

The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints. Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.


2. Points to check

• Have you been fair to both sides?
• Have you supported your views with reasons and vidence?

Explanation Text

Making Paper From Wood Chips

General statement
     Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees. The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.

Squence of explanation
     Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities.

Making Suggestion and Requesting Something

1. Making Suggestion

    a. Definition

Making Suggestion is how you express your suggestion to someone.

Narrative Text

Sangkuriang

1. Definition

Narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain the readers. Other function of narrative text is for education.

Passive Sentences

Passive sentences or Passive voice verbs are used in writing much more often than in speech, and they are used in some types of writing much more often than in others. Passives are used more in journalism (newspapers, magazines) than in fiction (novels, stories), but most journalists and fiction writers use far more active than passive sentences.

Persuading and Encouraging, Preventing Someone from Doing Something

1. Persuading

    a. Definition

Persuading is an expression to persuade someone. So, someone want to do something as like as persuader’s request.

2nd and 3rd Conditional Sentences

1. 2nd Conditional Sentences    
    a. Definition

The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.

Asking For Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...

Asking If Someone Remember or Not

Formal expression :

• I  wonder if you remember …
• You remember …, don’t you ?
• You haven’t forgotten …, have you ?
• Don’t you remember … ?

Descriptive Text

Definition :
Descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something.

Purpose :
To describe a particular place/ thing/ person.

Direct and Indirect Speech

A. Direct speech
Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
Here what a person says appear within quotation (“…”) and should be word for word.

B. Indirect speech

Finite Verbs

A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.

Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation

Gratitude is expression that used to say thank you to other people.
Kind of gratitude expression are :  

• Thank you / thanks
• Thank you very much. 
• I’m grateful to...

Introductory It

When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it. Instead of saying ‘To find fault with others is easy’, we say, ‘It is easy to find fault with others’. More examples are given below.

•  It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
• It was not easy to understand his motive.
• It may be advisable to consult a specialist.

Invitation

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

1. Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
2. Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation. 

Modals In The Past Form

Modals and Modality
Modal verbs are common auxiliary verbs in Germanic languages including English that indicate modality. Modality is the grammaticalized expression of the subjective attitudes and opinions of the speaker including possibility, probability, necessity, obligation, permissibility, ability, desire, and contingency.

The Modal Verbs in English

Narrative Text

Purpose : To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and the turn into a solution to the problem.

Text organization :

• Orientation
• Complication

News Item

Definition of News Item :
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure of News Item :

1. Newsworthy event : recount the event in a summary form.

Noun Phrases

Nouns in English are traditionally described as naming “ persons, places, things, and ideas.”
Pronouns are a subcategory of nouns. Noun phrases are formed by a noun or pronoun and any modifiers., complements, or determiners including adjectives,determiners, prepositional 
Phrases,noun clauses, and verb phrases.

Offering

Offering to older people :

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mrs Rini ?
• Should I get you a bottle of water ?
• Culd iu offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs Yaumil ?  
• Would you care for some salad ?

Passive Voice

There are two voices in English, the active and the passive. 
The active tells us what the subject does, for example :

• He writes a letter

The passive tells us what is done to the subject. For example :

Prepositions : In, On, and At

Preposition Usage :

•  “in” with periods of times and places. 
• “on” with specific days.
• “at” with specific times and specific places.

Notice how they are used in the following situations: 

Simple Future

Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
Simple future has two different forms in English : “will” and “be going to “.


Use “will” :
a. Positive (+) : S + shall/will + verb 1

• I shall write a story

Surprises And Disbeliefs

Surprise is a feeling that we feel when we hear an amazing news which surprise and amaze us.

Disbelief is an expression that we show or say when we know or hear or see something that is rather difficult to believe.

Expressing surprise:

• What a surprise !
• That’s a surprise !
• (well), that’s very surprising !

Vocabulary Around The House

Things you may find around the house:

• light bulb(s)
• plug(s)
• socket(s)
• torch(es)
• ceiling light(s)
• lamp(s)

Vocabs : Shapes, Part of Body

Vocab is a collection of words alphabetized; a dictionary or the collection of words one knows and uses.

Shapes

Simple Straight sided shapes:

• Rectangle
• Square
• Triangle

Perfect Tense

The conjuction of the verb "to have" determines the tense of the overall construction :
1.Have and Has in the present perfect tense

•   The girl has eaten the cookie

2.Had in the past perfect tense

• The girl had eaten the cookie before she ate her lunch

3.Will Have and Shall Have in the future perfect tense

Announcement

Announcement is an information or something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or what will happen.

The kinds of announcement:
Based on the using of language and the announcement comes from,  there are two kinds of announcement:

Invitation

Inviting :

• Shall we see the film ?
• Would you come with me ?
• What if we ask Jannice to join us ?
• How about doing window shoping this afternoon ?
• I'd like you to come to dinner.

Accepting :

• Great ! Let's do it

Greeting

Greetings is customary or ritualized words or phrases used to introduce onself or to greet someone.

Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.

In English, some common verbal greetings are :   

• Hi
  
• Hello
• How do you do?
• How are you.
• I’m glad to meet you.

Gaining Attention

Gaining attention is the way to follow attention to someone.

Showing attention :

• Look at you !
• How beautiful !
• That's wonderful !
• Tell me more about it.
• I see.
• Oh, my God ! What happens ?
• Really ?
• And then what ?

Procedure Text

Purpose :
To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.

Text organization :

• Goal (the final purpose of doing the instructions)
• Materials (Ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
• Steps (a set up instructions to achieve the final purpose)

Language features:

• Use of imperatives
• Use of action verbs

Past Tense

It is a tense that is used to express or describe and action or evend that happenand finished in certain time in the past.

Nominal sentences :
Subject  + to be (were / was)

• They were happy last week
• I was here last night

Advertisement

Advertisement is information for persuading and motivate a people so that it will attracted to service and things that are offered.

Function of advertisement are :

• Promotion
• Communication
• Information

In making anadvertisement, keep this following points :

Languages of advertisement :

Narrative Text

Narrative Text is the text  which contains about a story or fairy tale (could be folklore (folktale), an animal story (fable), legend, short stories, etc) Inside there is a conflict / top issue, followed by completion. The main function of this text is to entertain readers.

Generic Structure :

• Orientation : Introduction contains characters, place and time of the story (who or what, when and where).

Present Tense

Simple present tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situation, emotions and wishes. To give instruction or directions. To express fixed arrangement, present or future.

Present Tense divided become 2, these are :
1. Verbal Sentences
The pattern :
Affirmative form : Subject +  V1 (-s/-es) +  Object

• She plays badminton every week

Recount Text

Purpose :
To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.

Text organization :
Personal recounts :

• Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
• Events (tell what happened in a chronological order)
• Evalution (comments of the writer / speaker about the experience)
• Re-orientation (the conclusion of the experience)

Sympathy Expression

Definition of sympathy expression :
Sympathy is defined as a feeling or expression of compassion for the suffering of another person. There are many means at our disposal, some traditional and some modern, that we can use to express sympathy in the days and weeks after someone we know loses a loved one.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone ?
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (sms), e-mail, television, radio and newspaper / she who got the trouble is far from us.

Giving Instruction

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

 1.Command
a. Verb (+ O)
example :

• Open your book !
• Read this newspaper !
• Close the window !
• Sweep the floor !

Happiness Expression

Definition of happiness expression :
Happiness expression is an expression that is used  to show  that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What is happiness ?

• It is important to first understand that the term "happiness" refers to the emotion, mood, and state of happiness, however researchers generally study the more enduring "state".

• Expression happiness is used to expression happiness feelings when we are succesful to do something.

Appointment

Definition of appointment :
Appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people.

What is appointment ?
Appointment (making, accepting, cancelling and changing) is words to explain readiness and capability to do or to do something, for example is give, help, come to meet.